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Introduction to the care of infants and children

ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืืช ื“"ืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืœ

ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื• ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืกื•-ื’'ื•ืง ื•ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื”.

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืกื•-ื’'ื•ืง ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื”, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•.

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“ ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื•-ื’'ื•ืง.

ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืกื•-ื’'ื•ืง ื ืžืฆืืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš.

ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื•ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื›ืœ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ. ืชื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื“ืฉื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื–ื›ืš ื•ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.


ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ืžืกื•ื“ืจ,  ืžื›ืœ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืจืื™ื”  ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” (ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช) ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื•ืชื•ืคืขื”.

ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื. ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื ื“ื‘ืš ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื ื“ื‘ืš, ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืื• ืจื’ืขื™ "ื”ืืจื”" ืงืฆืจื™ื.

ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš.

ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš, ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื.

ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™, ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืš ื”ื™ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœื•. ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื.

ืื•ืœื, ืื ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืื• ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืื“ื ืžื—ื™ื™ืš" ืœืคื™ ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ื• (ื•ื“ืขืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”-(Mind ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื ืคืกืคืก ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ืฉืœื ื•...ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจืคื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•.

ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืžืžื“ื™ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ (ืื™ื•ืจ ืžืก' 1) ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื”ื•ืžื• (ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืชื—ื•ื ,ืžืกื•ื“ืจ) ื•ื”ื˜ืจื• (ื–ืžื ื™, ืคืชื•ื—, ืžืฉืชื ื”) ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืื•ืชื” ื•ื™ื‘ืจืฆื™ื”, ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื›ืกืคื™ืŸ, ืœืื•ืชื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” (ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื) ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ ื’ื ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช....(ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืก' 2 ื•-3).

ืขืœ ืคื™  ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ ื”ื ืก ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื“ื™ื•ืจ (1929-2014) ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช, ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ , ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืชื—ืœื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืœื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.

ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื˜ื™ืคื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ, ืžื”ืจืžื” ื”ืžื˜ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœืจืžื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื˜ื•ื (ืื™ื•ืจ ืžืก' 4) ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืจืฆื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืงื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืžื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ.

(ืื™ื•ืจ ืžืก' 5).

ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”-DNA ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืžื“ืช. ื•ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื” ืœืกืคื™ืจืืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” (ืกื™ื“ืจืช ืคื™ื‘ื•ื ืฆ'ื™, ื’ื ื”-DNA ืžืชื ื”ื’ ืœืคื™ื”....).

ืื– ืกื™ื›ืžื ื• ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.

ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.

ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื›ื™ืœ 4 ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื’ื•ืฃ (ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืžื“ื™ื“ ื•ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ), ื ืคืฉ (ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ืœื ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืœื” ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื•ืจื’ืฉืช), ื ืฉืžื” (ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื•ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช) ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืจื’ืขื™ืช, ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ืงืจืืช : "ื—ื™ื™ื". (ืื™ื•ืจ ืžืก' 6)

ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ื”"ื—ื™ื™ื", ื–ื• ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช, ื‘ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ื•ืžืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืกืคื™ืจืืœื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื” ืฉืœืžื•ืช.

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขืฆืžื™ ืืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•.

ื•ื›ืขืช ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื›ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื•-ื’'ื•ืง ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•-ื’'ื•ืง ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ืจืง ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื, ืืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื.

ื•ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืœื›ืš ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.

ื•ื›ืขืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžืŸ ืœืžื“ื•ืจื” ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ืžืžื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ืขื ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื, ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช. ื•ืขื“ ื›ื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.... ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืจื’ืข ื‘ืฆื“...

ืื– ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื”"ืกืœื˜" ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.

ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฉื™ื— ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข, ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื—ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื—ื•ืช ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืคื’ื™ืขื”.

ื•ืื– ืืœื™ื ื• ื›ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ื’ืžืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืงืขืช ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืคื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกืชื‘ืš ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื—....

ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ืืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื’ื ืืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืš ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจื.

 ื‘ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืจืื•ืช. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืœื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื, ืžื—ื™ื™ืš. ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™. (ืื™ื•ืจ 7)

ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืจืฆื“ืก, ืจืง ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืงืฆืช, ืžืขืกื™ื ืงืฆืช, ืฆื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืงืฆืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืข. ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.

ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ. ื”ื›ืœ ื’ืžื™ืฉ, ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืฉืจืง ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช.

ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื• ื”ื™ืœื“ ืจืง ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื•ืื™ืชื ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืชืกื‘ื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคืฉ....

ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ ื•ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืคื—ื“ ืื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืงื™ื ืื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื’ืžื™ืฉ, ืจืš ื•ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ื•ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื "ืœ, ื™ืœื“ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœื—ื™ื™ื "ืงืฉื™ื", ืžื™ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื• ืงื•ืฉื™?  ื™ืœื“ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืจืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™, ื”ืจืขื‘, ื”ื›ืื‘, ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืœืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื ืจืื™ื "ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื" ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื•, ืื– ื’ื ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืคืกื™ืžื™ ืฉื›ื–ื” (ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืชื™ื ื•) ื•ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื• ื ืจืื” ื™ืœื“ ืกืงืจืŸ, ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™, ืขื ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืฉืžื•ืฆื ืื™ืš ืœืฉื—ืง ื•ืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืš ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืชื•ืง ื•ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืขืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื•.

ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•-ื’'ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื• ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืคืจื™ืข ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื•ื ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.

ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืฆืจื™ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืงืœืงืœ ืื•ืชื.

ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื“ืจื•ื’ ื–ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืš ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื‘ืœื•ื ื” ืื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ื‘"ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช"  ืื• ื‘ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื• "ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื" ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžื ืกื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช, ื™ืœื“ื™ื.

ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื.


ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืœ

ืกืชื™ื• 2019